The Real Roots Of Arab Anti-americanism Pdf
Over the last sixty years, Washington has been a major player in the politics of the Middle East. From Iran in the 1950s, to the Gulf War of 1991, to the devastation of contemporary Iraq, US policy has had a profound impact on the domestic affairs of the region. Anti-Americanism is a pervasive feature of modern Middle East public opinion. Download Book Us Foreign Policy In The Middle East The Roots Of Anti Americanism in PDF format. You can Read Online Us Foreign Policy In The Middle East The Roots Of Anti Americanism here in PDF, EPUB, Mobi or Docx formats. It includes historical background on the Israeli/Arab Wars, Iran, intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq, the wars of. The roots of Anti-Americanism ____13. Recent Report by an UN-sponsored High Level Group does not provide any real. Sympathy with the Arab world.
The Real Roots Of Arab Anti-americanism Pdf Download
Findings from representative national surveys in Algeria and Jordan show that neither religious orientations, judgments about Western culture, nor economic circumstances account for variance in approval of terrorist acts against U.S. targets. Alternatively, in both countries, approval of terrorism against the United States is disproportionately likely among men and women with negative judgments about their own government and about U.S. foreign policy. Taken together, these findings suggest that approval of terrorism is fostered by negative attitudes toward actors considered responsible for the political and economic status quo. Given that Algeria and Jordan have had different experiences with respect to terrorism and also differ in demographic, political, and economic structure, identical findings from these dissimilar countries suggest that the observed relationships are not country specific and may apply more generally.
The Real Roots Of Midlife Crisis
Alexander, C. 2000. Opportunities, organizations, and ideas: Islamists and ideas in Tunisia and Algeria. International Journal of Middle East Studies 32:465-90. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Amawi, A. 1992. Democracy dilemmas in Jordan. Middle East Report 174:26-29. Google Scholar | Crossref |
Amos, D. 2004. Iraq's Arab neighbors: Anti-Americanism runs high. All things considered. National Public Radio, October 22. Google Scholar |
Anderson, L. 1997. Fulfilling prophecies: State policy and Islamist radicalism. In Political Islam: Revolution, radicalism, or reform?, edited by J. Esposito , 17-31. Boulder: Lynn Reiner. Google Scholar |
Atran, S. 2002. In Gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion (Evolution and Cognition Series). New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar |
———. 2003a. Genesis of suicide terrorism. Science 299 (5612): 1534-9. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
———. 2003b. Who wants to be a martyr? New York Times , May 7. Google Scholar |
Ayalon, A. 2002. Fighting terrorism: Lessons from the front line. In War on terror: The Middle East dimension, edited by R. B. Satloff , 3-7. Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Google Scholar |
Bandura, A. 1990. Mechanisms of moral disengagement. In Origins of terrorism, edited by W. Reich and W. Laqueur , 161-91. Washington, DC : Woodrow Wilson Center. Google Scholar |
Barber, B. 2003. Heart and stones: Palestinian youth from the Intifada . New York: St. Martin's. Google Scholar |
Bennani-Chraibi, M. 1993. Les représentations du monde des jeunes Marocains [The view of the world of young Moroccans]. Thèse de doctorat de l' Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Paris. Google Scholar |
Berman, S. 2003. Islamism, revolution, and civil society. PS: Political Science and Politics. 1:257-72. Google Scholar |
Bernard, C. 2004. Five pillars of democracy: How the West can promote an Islamic reformation. Rand Review (Spring). http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/spring2004/pillars.html (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
Berribi, C. 2003. Evidence about the link between education, poverty and terrorism among Palestinians. Princeton University Industrial Relations Section Working Paper no. 477, September. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=487467 (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
Brand, L. 1999. Arab women and political liberalization: Challenges and opportunities. In Democratization and its limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America and the Middle East, edited by Howard Handelman and Mark Tessler , 242-61. South Bend, IN: Notre Dame University Press. Google Scholar |
Collier, P. , and A. Hoeffler 2000. Greed and grievance in civil war. World Bank Policy Research Paper 2355, World Bank, Washington, DC. Google Scholar |
Crenshaw, M. 2000. The psychology of terrorism: An agenda for the 21st century . Political Psychology 21:405-20. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Entelis, J. 1988. Algeria under Chadli: Liberalization without democratization or, perestroika, yes; glasnost, no. Middle East Insight (Fall):47-64. Google Scholar |
Esposito, J. 2002. Unholy war: Terror in the name of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar |
Garfinkle, A. 2004. Anti-Americanism, U.S. foreign policy, and the war on terrorism. In A practical guide to winning the war on terrorism , edited by A. Garfinkle , 197-218. Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Books Online. http://www.hoover.org/publications/books/3009071.html (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
Ginges, J. , and A. Merari. 2003. When do people decide to kill for a cause? Testing a social identity explanation of variance in the extremism of political behavior within an aggrieved population. Unpublished paper. The New School for Social Research, New York/Tel Aviv University. Google Scholar |
Glazov, J. 2004. Hating America. FrontPageMagazine.com, August 12. Available at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=14624 (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
Grant, P.R. , and R. Brown. 1995. From ethnocentrism to collective protest: Responses to relative deprivation and threats to social identity. Social Psychology Quarterly 58:195-212. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Guimond, S. , and L. Dube-Simard. 1983. Relative deprivation theory and the Quebec nationalist movement. The cognition-emotion distinction and the personal-group deprivation issue. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 44:526-35. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Haddad, S. , and H. Khashan. 2002. Islam and terrorism: Lebanese Muslim views on September 11. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46:812-28. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
Hafez, M. 2004. From marginalization to massacres: A political process explanation of GIA violence in Algeria. In Islamic activism: A social movement theory approach, edited by Q. Wiktorowicz , 37-60. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar |
Hamarneh, M. 2005. Revisiting the Arab street: Research from within. Amman, Jordan: Center for Strategic Studies, University of Jordan. http://www.css-jordan.org/new/REVISITINGTTHEARABSTREETReport.pdf (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
Harik, J.P. 1996. Between Islam and the System: Sources and implications of popular support for Lebanon's Hizballah. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 40:41-67. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
Hassan, N. 2001. An arsenal of believers. The New Yorker , November 19. Google Scholar |
Hoffman, B. 2003. Al Qaeda, trends in terrorism and future potentialities: An assessment. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. http://www.rand.org/publications/P/P8078/P8078.pdf (accessed on February 11, 2007). Huntington, S. 1993. The clash of civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer):22-49. Google Scholar |
———. 1996. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order . New York: Simon & Schuster . Ismail, S. 2001. The paradox of Islamist politics. Middle East Report 221:34-39. Google Scholar |
Kalyvas, S. 2000. Commitment problems in emerging democracies: The case of religious parties. Comparative Politics 32:379-98. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Kasfir, N. 2002. Dilemmas of popular support in guerilla war: The National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981-86. Journal of Modern African Studies 43:271-96. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Krueger, A.B. , and J. Maleckova. 2002. Does poverty cause terrorism? The economics and the education of suicide bombers. The New Republic, June 24. Google Scholar | ISI |
Kushner, H. 1996. Suicide bombers: Business as usual. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 19:329-38. Lewis, B. 1990. The roots of Muslim rage: Why so many Muslims deeply resent the West and why their bitterness will not be easily mollified. Atlantic Monthly 266 (September): 47-60. Google Scholar | Crossref |
———. 2002. What went wrong: Western impact and Middle Eastern response . New York: Oxford University Press . Google Scholar |
Lindberg, T. 2005. Does Anti-Americanism matter to American foreign policy ? Opening remarks, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Central European University conference. Washington, DC, November 3. Google Scholar |
Martinez, L. 2005. Why the violence in Algeria? In Islam, democracy and the state in Algeria: Lessons for the Western Mediterranean and beyond, edited by M. Bonner , M. Reif , and M. Tessler , 14-27. London : Routledge. Google Scholar |
Merari, A. 2002a. Deterring fear: Government responses to terrorist attacks . Harvard International Review 23:26-31. Google Scholar |
———. 2002b. Deterring terrorism: States, organizations, individuals . Justice 31:3-6. Mishal, S. , and A Sela. 2000. The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, violence, and coexistence. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar |
Moghaddam, A. 2003. Palestinian suicide terrorism in the second intifada: Motivations and organizational aspects. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26:65-92. Google Scholar | Crossref |
Moghaddam, F. 2005. The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration . American Psychologist 60: 161-9. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Munoz-Rojas, D. 2003. Violations of international humanitarian law: Their psycho-sociological causes and prevention. The Armed Groups Project, International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.armedgroups.org/images/stories/pdfs/munoz_paper_3.pdf (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
Nachtwey, J. , and M. Tessler. 1999. Explaining women's support for political Islam: Contributions from feminist theory. In Area studies and social science: Strategies for understanding Middle East politics, edited by M. Tessler with J. Nachtwey and A. Banda, 102-20. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar |
———. 2002. The political economy of attitudes toward peace among Palestinians and Israelis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46:260-85. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
O'Neill, W. 2002. Beyond the slogans: How can the UN respond to terrorism ? International Peace Academy, United Nations, New York. http://www.fesny.org/docus/peacesec/responding_to_terrorism.pdf (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
Paz, R. 1998. Is Hamas reevaluating the use of terrorism? Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Herzliya, Israel. http://www.ict.org.il/apage/5402.php (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
———. 2001. Radical Islamist terrorism. Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Herzliya, Israel. http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=367 (accessed on February 11, 2007). Google Scholar |
———. 2003. Islamists and anti-Americanism. Middle East Review of International Affairs 7:53-61. Google Scholar |
Pedahzur, A. , A. Perliger , and L. Weinberg. 2003. Altruism and fatalism: The characteristics of Palestinian suicide terrorists. Deviant Behavior 24:405-23. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Pew Research Center. 2005. Global opinion: The spread of Anti-Americanism. Pew Research Center , Trends 2005. http://pewresearch.org/trends/trends2005-global.pdf (accessed on February 11, 2007) Google Scholar |
Post, J.M. 1987. Rewarding fire with fire: Effects of retaliation on terrorist group-dynamics. Terrorism 10:23-35. Google Scholar | Crossref |
Ross, J.I. 1993. Structural causes of oppositional political terrorism: Towards a causal model. Journal of Peace Research 30:317-29. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
Rubin, B. 2002. The real roots of Arab Anti-Americanism. Foreign Affairs 81 (Nov./Dec.):73-85. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Sahliyeh, E. 2005. The state and the Islamic movement in Jordan. Journal of Church and State 47:109-31. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Saleh, B. 2003. Economic conditions and resistance to occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: There is a causal connection. Paper presented to the Graduate Student Forum, Kansas State University, April 4. Google Scholar |
Shamir, J. , and K. Shikaki. 2002. Self-serving perceptions of terrorism among Israelis and Palestinians. Political Psychology 23:537-57. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Shikaki, K. 2002. Palestinians divided. Foreign Affairs 81 (Jan/Feb): 89-105. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
——. 2006. Ramallah: Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research . PSR poll 19, March 16-18. http://www.pcpsr.org/survey/polls/2006/p19e.html (accessed on February 11, 2007) Google Scholar |
Sprinzak, E. 1990. The psychopolitical formation of extreme left terrorism in a democracy: The case of the Weathermen. In Origins of terrorism , edited by W. Reich , 65-86. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar |
Suleiman, M. 1987. Attitudes, values and the political process in Morocco . In The political economy of Morocco, edited by I. W. Zartman , 98-116. New York: Praeger. Google Scholar |
Telhami, S. 2006. Reflections of hearts and minds: Media, opinion, and identity in the Arab world. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Google Scholar |
Tessler, M. 1997. The origins of popular support for Islamist movements: A political economy analysis. In Islam, democracy, and the state in North Africa , edited by J. Entelis , 93-126. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar |
———. 2003. Arab and Muslim political attitudes: Stereotypes and evidence from survey research. International Studies Perspectives 4:175-80. Google Scholar | Crossref |
———. 2004. The nature and determinants of Arab attitudes toward Israel . In Contemporary anti-semitism: Canada and the world, edited by D. Penslar and J. Stein, 96-119. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Google Scholar |
———. 2005. The view from the street: The attitudes and values of ordinary Algerians. In Islam, democracy and the state in Algeria: Lessons for the Western Mediterranean and beyond, edited by M. Bonner , M. Reif , and M. Tessler , 184-201. London: Routledge. Google Scholar |
Tessler, M. , and J. Nachtwey. 1998. Islam and attitudes toward international conflict: Evidence from survey research in the Arab world. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42:619-36. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
Weinstein, J. 2005. Resources and the information problem in rebel recruitment . Journal of Conflict Resolution 49:598-624. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
Wiktorowicz, Q. 2004. Introduction. In Islamic activism: A social movement theory approach, edited by Q. Wiktorowicz , 1-33. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar |
Wilgoren, J. 2001. After the attacks: The hijackers; a terrorist profile that confounds the experts. New York Times, September 15. Google Scholar |
Winep 2003. Anti-Americanism—Due to what the U.S. is or what the U.S. does? Special Policy Forum report of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, December 2. Google Scholar |